Health Care Reform Is Public Opinion In Essay examples

Health Care Reform is a nothing new to Americans. Americans have been fighting this battle for a long time. We have reached the point where we must a change. We must change something at this point it almost doesn’t matter what we do as long as it’s something different than we have. The insurance companies are making huge profits already, yet Americans receive some of the poorest care in the world. We spend twice as much on procedures than other countries spend. Countries like United Kingdom, France or in Canada spend much less on their procedures. As stated on CNN, 46 million Americans have no insurance and 25 million more is underinsured. The reason is employer have stopped offering insurance to employees because of high cost. All†¦show more content†¦Millions of American go without medical care because they can’t afford it. As Senator Tom Daschle reported the problem is rooted in complexity of health care issue and the power of the interest groups. If health care reform doesn’t happen what would happen to us? There will be a lot of sickness and death due to lack of treatment. The Americans cannot afford insurance to pay for the doctors and prescriptions that are prescribed. Our elderly would be affected tremendously they need home services, regular doctor visits and their medication. Health Care Reform been an issue since the Truman Presidency, he tried to come up with an solution for this problem. As the year went on it just became a bigger problem that why we in crisis. When former Senator Tom Daschle was in office he believes the solution lies in the Federal Reserve Board, which overseen the equally complicated financial system with great success. Daschle also offers a key solutions and creates a blueprint for solving the crisis. (Daschle,GreenBerger,Lambrew) I am certain that the government can do a better job with banking and insurance. But in both cases a private sector is needed in addition to a public sector. For medical insurance, the government should cover basic care, with the restriction that government insurance would not cover drugs that are still exclusive, unless such drugs are as cheap in th U.S. as any other of the top 10Show MoreRelatedThe Attributes Of Public Opinion And Its Effect On Health1040 Words   |  5 Pages The Attributes of Public Opinion and its Effect on Health Reform By Lujain Alyahya DePaul University April, 24, 2017  According to Brodie, Altman, Deane, Buscho and Hamel (2010) in their article â€Å"Liking The Pieces, Not The Package: Contradictions in Public Opinion During Health Reform† The publics opinion on health reform has been historically consistent and steady. The authors examined public opinion through historical and comparative analysis of survey polls data which can be accessed in theRead MoreChina Case Study1057 Words   |  5 Pageshealthcare reform effort to improve their healthcare system, and it was launched in 2009. (Shi, 2014) China, like the United States, strives to provide their citizens with quality and convenient healthcare, but health policymaking can also be vastly different between the two countries. China has been dedicated to making many improvements with their healthcare system, but the current state of healthcare reform in China still has a long way to go, especially when it comes to quality of care. (Curto,Read MorePolicy Analysis Of The Affordable Care Law1 445 Words   |  6 PagesPOLICY ANALYSIS OF THE AFFORDABLE CARE LAW Healthcare policy analysis has been a debate for citizens and government officials. The policy was initiated as a start to healthcare reform in the U.S. Initiated in 2010, by President Barack Obama the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was on its way to redeveloping the function of the healthcare field. The ACA puts people, families, and businesses in charge of their healthcare. All three branches (Legislative, Judicial, and Executive) had a part of the creationRead MoreThe President Run Into When Initiating The Healthcare Reform And Why?1126 Words   |  5 PagesWhat immediate problem did the president run into when initiating the healthcare reform and why? Answer The immediate problem was that was it possible for the White House to agree and act jointly with the President on the healthcare reform. The reason is because too many healthcare reforms had been failed and it was a very big step to take. Question 2 Obama’s administration believed that taking on a health care reform is a test of what in American politics? According to Obama, it was intended to proveRead MoreThe New Healthcare Reform Essay919 Words   |  4 Pageswealthy should be taken care of. Universal Healthcare has benefited industrialized countries like Sweden, France, and Canada because they recognize the fact that healthcare should be a human right, and not a privilege. The debate continues over whether the reform will benefit the people and not put the government into greater debt while politicians are raising the constitutional flag on the reform, stating it is not constitutional to make it law that all Americans have health insurance. The issue ofRead MoreQuestion 1. What Immediate Problem Did The President Run1113 Words   |  5 PagesWhat immediate problem did the president run into when initiating the healthcare reform and why? Answer The immediate problem was that was it possible for the White House to agree and act jointly with the President on the healthcare reform. The reason is because too many healthcare reforms had been failed and it was a very big step to take. Question 2 Obama’s administration believed that taking on a health care reform is a test of what in American politics? According to Obama, it was intended to proveRead MoreThe Massachusetts Health Care Act Of 2006922 Words   |  4 Pages The Massachusetts Health Care Act of 2006 was an attempt to give healthcare to all of the residents of Massachusetts. The law mandated that nearly every resident of Massachusetts obtain a minimum level of insurance coverage, provided free health care insurance for residents earning less than 150% of the federal poverty level and mandated employers with more than 10 full-time employees to provide healthcare insurance. The law was amended significantly in 2008 and twice in 2010 to make it consistentRead MoreChina s Reform Plan For Implementing Healthcare System Reform1359 Words   |  6 Pages China’s reform plan in 2009 Almost at the time, China released two important healthcare reform documents in 2009. The first, the State Council’s Opinions on Furthering Healthcare System Reform is a broad document that sets the reform framework through 2020. The second, the Ministry of Health’s Implementation Plan for Immediate Priorities in Healthcare System Reform, provides a more detailed map for the next three years. According to the China BusinessRead MoreHistory Notes Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pagespresident run into when initiating the healthcare reform? 2. Obama’s administration believed that taking on a healthcare reform is a test of what in American politics? According to Obama, it was intended to prove what? 3. Who opposed the healthcare reform under both Clinton and Obama? Who stood to lose from the healthcare reform? 4. What did the propaganda ads funded by insurance lobby advertise to the American public about the healthcare reform? Whose interests did they keep in mind when doingRead MoreThe European And The North American Healthcare Systems1729 Words   |  7 Pagesthe efficiency of these systems. Special attention will be paid to the new healthcare project in the USA, the Obama-care, which has been seen by many americans as an ‘europeanised’ system. 1. Introduction Health services are built depending on three main factors of a country: economy, politics and culture. Health care systems not only help to the improvement of people’s health conditions but it also helps the economy, creating job positions in the medical service and research projects, and also

Advertising the Good and Bad Essay - 1187 Words

Advertising is a persuasive communication attempt to change or reinforce ones prior attitude that is predictable of future behavior. We are not born with the attitudes for which we hold toward various things in our environment. Instead, we learn our feelings of favorability or unfavorability through information about the object through advertising or direct experience with the object, or some combination of the two. Furthermore, the main aim of advertising is to ‘persuade to consumer in order to generate new markets for production. Advertising is far from impotent or harmless; it is not a mere mirror image. Its power is real, and on the brink of a great increase. Not the power to brainwash overnight, but the power to create subtle and†¦show more content†¦Other forms of socially positive advertising include those advocating safe sex, thereby considerably slowing the spread of deadly STDs throughout the community. There are economic benefits of advertising on society as well as just social benefits. Without advertising, the media (including newspaper, television, and radio) would be much less vigorous. Advertising provides revenue for commercial mediums, which would otherwise need to be funded by the actual consumer of these mediums. For instance, a newspaper would cost up to three times as much money because advertising provides two-thirds of the revenue of the print media, and all television, bar government funded networks, would be pay-TV (since nearly ALL revenue for television is provided by advert ising, while the consumer provides no financial support except for providing the service of watching the advertised messages). So we can see a major economic infrastructure based around advertising. However, with every positive side comes a negative, and advertising is no different. Advertising has been blamed for a great variety of negative social impacts. One of the major criticisms received by advertising is that it forces people to buy things they dont really need, often projecting negative emotions such as fear, anxiety of guilt upon theShow MoreRelatedThe Good and Bad Side of Advertising1657 Words   |  7 Pages Compare and Contrast the ‘Good’ and ‘Bad’ side of Advertising PLAN TITLE: Compare and contrast the ‘good’ side and ‘bad’ side of advertising. PATTERN: Block Format INTRODUCTION CONTEXT: Communal Issue SUBJECT: Advertisements LIMITED SUBJECT: ‘good’ and ‘bad’ side ISSUE: compare, contrast THESIS: It states the similarities and differences but in emphasis on ‘good’ and ‘bad’ side of advertising. Similarities- â€Å"Good† side of Advertising Paragraph 1: Creates deep impression. Example: Hyundai CommercialsRead More Advertising: the good and bad Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pages Advertising is a persuasive communication attempt to change or reinforce one’s prior attitude that is predictable of future behavior. We are not born with the attitudes for which we hold toward various things in our environment. Instead, we learn our feelings of favorability or unfavorability through information about the object through advertising or direct experience with the object, or some combination of the two. Furthermore, the main aim of advertising is to ‘persuade’ to consumer in orderRead MoreThe Effects Of Advertising On A Good And A Bad Way Essay1661 Words   |  7 Pagespublicity, advertising and sales promotion. Advertising is one of the most popular methods of product promotion. It is a non-personal communication to current and prospective customers to inform, persuade or convince them to purchase a product. â€Å"It has been favoured by most produ cers due to its low cost per contact and its ability to influence customers and increase market share† (Marks and Kamins 267). Many organisations have benefited to a great extent in building a brand using advertising. CriticsRead MoreThe Harmful Effects of Advertising on Society982 Words   |  4 Pagessociety many people see advertising as harmful in many different ways. With today’s society image is everything, and advertising uses this to their advantage. Advertising uses this as a way to make insecure people buy products they do not need. Many advertisements that are seen today on television, billboards, newspaper, and magazines are indeed harmful to our eyes and brain. Many of them make people feel like crap, that you dont have this car or that house or that body. Advertising is harmful to societyRead MoreP1/P2 Creative Product Promotion Describe the Promotional Mix Used by Two Selected Organisations for a Selected Product/Service1372 Words   |  6 PagesCoca-Co la is the world’s most favourite and most profitable drink from 1886. PROMOTIONAL MIX Advertising – Coca-Cola uses one of the most modern and popular advertising. Christmas advertisment most popular and Coca-Cola uses Santa Clause because he is with red suit and a white beard and he did not always look that way as Coca-Cola advertising shaped him like that. They use different types of advertising such as: * Print ads * Radio * Television * Billboards * Banners *Read MoreWhy Launch an Advertising Campaign1542 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Launch An Advertising Campaign To start off, when your company is just becoming established in the British market, consumers will have no knowledge of your product, we must encourage or persuade the consumer to buy your product. To make customers aware of the product we must advertise. Large scale advertising mainly consists of advertising on TV, Radio, newspapers and other large scale media. This ensures that advertising reaches the largest amount of people in the shortest amount of time. ItRead MoreResearch And Writing Interest Paper867 Words   |  4 Pagesmight be touched by a wonderful ad and then purchases the goods. Instead, we might be bored or offended by an ad, then we will boycott it. So I think it is important to know about the customer’s taste and what they are degaussing with. Furthermore, there are billions of successful ads, yet, some advertisements did not make it. The unsuccessful add may let the goods or even brands died with it. So I want to find out common errors among bad ads, any analysis their disadvantages. Sometimes an ad mayRead MoreDecisions that Determine the Success of a Business942 Words   |  4 Pagesmake a business successful. A business’ success can be valued on how much profit a business makes. In business, you earn profit by selling products and services to customers who are willing to buy. Qualities needed in business are determination, math, good decision making skills, and many other attributes. Decisions are an important part of business. The complex process of decisions that make up a business include location, budget, choosing what industry you should go into which is based on demographicsRead MoreThe Canadian Philosopher Of Communication Theory1533 Words   |  7 PagesThe Canadian philosopher of communication theory, Marshall McLuhan, once said that â€Å"advertising is the greatest art form of the 20th century†. Indeed, we are exposed to numerous advertisements every day. They come at us in many different forms and ways through TV screens, billboard s, magazines, web pages, door-to-door sales, and even radio. Advertisements are not fundamentally bad, but a lot of them use manipulative tactic and tricks which influence us in ways we do not even realize. Even thoughRead MoreHow Advertisers Gear Their Advertisements Towards Children968 Words   |  4 Pagessays it is okay gearing advertisements towards children, and another that says it is not okay. I am on the side that says it is not okay to target children in advertising. The reason being is because it can lead to undisciplined children, money problems, and bad habits in life. On the other side, people agree that targeting children are a good thing. They say this because it teaches them a compromise, promotes creativity, economic benefits, a positive social influence, and educational benefits (Lush

Globalization and Financial Crisis

Question: Discuss about theGlobalization and Financial Crisis. Answer: Introduction The subject of environmental conservation has hit various bulletins with both various quarters fronting campaigns in a bid to secure or preserve the biodiversity which is in most cases under constant threat. Environmental conservation is a term that is broadly used to refer to anything that fronts the goals of improving life and sustainability in a broad way. Ultimately, humans are known to front their efforts in ensuring that the planet earth survives naturally, experiencing no adverse effects arising from the human race. Based on the world safety and health, the paper sets out to explore the various environmental policies and regulations that are aimed at ensuring the economic sustainability of these policies in a rather stumbling economy amid various dynamics that have brought shifts culminating into global financial crises. While all and sundry have had their eyes turned on the Federal budget with their expectations, the NSW government came up with a mechanism as to release one of the most controversial pieces of legislation that seek to remove the barriers on land clearance and contrary to their claims, threaten the very existence of biodiversity. Just like any other policies with their misfits, the NSW proposals were very controversial and deemed to bear serious ramifications on the environmental conservation (Solomon et. al, pp.142-149). Notably, however much the new theory derives its agendum from environmental science, economic principles motivate its central concept. The NSW Government, in its endeavor to oversee the transformation of the way the management, protection and enhancement of biodiversity is carried out, has put in place measures and policies that help in building some of the best aspects of programs and policies that addresses and exploits every bit of weakness that exists in the current system. In this regard, the new dispensation is set to implement various recommendations as outlined in the Independent Biodiversity Legislation Review Panel to the Government (Pressey et. al, pp.311-333). To ensure that the reforms are fully implemented, the NSW Government has invested a lot of money to a tune of $340 million in a span of five years for the implementation of the same. One of the many benefits of this campaign is that it is set to deliver the economic, environmental and social benefits. Through this, the government established three key objectives which include facilitation of the ecologically sustainable development, conservation of biodiversity and cutting of the red tape (Lindenmayer et. al, pp.941-950). Most importantly, these moves received a boost as the panel readily welcomed them. It is worth noting that such a move by the NSW government is very timely given the financial and economic crises in the country. For instance, it becomes useful to see that the reforms will see to it that the ongoing management of agricultural land is affected. This will be by way of designing new vegetation regulatory map that will identify the rural areas where there are no such regulations as catered for by the new dispensation (Lindenmayer et. al, pp.941-950). The other benefit is that the range of code based activities among the farmers would enable them to wipe out the native vegetation so as to improve the farm operations and to get rid of the unnecessary barriers so as to improve the productivity of agriculture. Through this, the transformation will ensure that the offsetting of the biodiversity scheme is established for the sole purpose of environmental impact assessment concerning biological diversity (Langtonet. al, 23). This is meant in such a manner as to consolidate the existing practices and methods into some aggregation. By extension, the move will ensure that the landholders and the proponents of the same have the certainty and the assurance of biodiversity impacts (Harriset. al, 11). As per the NSW reports, the biodiversity offsets are some of the measures that are meant to derive the compensation of adverse environmental impacts like paving ways for development. In a nutshell, for effective implementation of these policies, it is important that the NSW enlightens the farmers and make sure that they have the grasp of the nitty-gritty as pertains to the benefit of such moves to their current and prospects. Another policy that aimed to conserve biodiversity was the Native Vegetation Act of 2003. As a matter of fact, the native vegetation is one such important consideration when it comes to the health of the environment. With that regard, it is important that native animals and plants, as well as the protection of water catchment areas and soil protection, are highly upheld (Fischer Lindenmayer, pp.807-832). This policy mainly steers the way in which the native vegetation in New South Wales is managed as well as giving directions on the prevention of the broad scale clearing of vegetation unless such actions help in maintaining or improving the outcomes of the environment. According to the Act, some policies regulate the clearance and management of vegetation except for the classified areas such as national parks plus other conservation sites, state reserves and forests and other urban centers. According to the Act, native vegetation is any classified vegetation species that existed in New South Wales before any pastoral settlements. These include shrubs, saplings, wetland and groundcover plants, trees and scrubs. The introduction of the Native Vegetation Act brought about the shift and change of heart in as far as the previous arrangements were concerned (Antweiler et. al, pp.877-908). For instance, the previous stance held that the clearance of native vegetation was part of petroleum, mining and geothermal activities (Ferrier et. al, pp.2275-2307). To this end, there is the school of thought that holds that the various tenets that push for the same clearance mechanisms be regulated and made to initiate such processes in a manner as to involve measures that comply with the NVC and by extension, lead to significant environmental benefits. The Biological Diversity Convention is known to be the best agreement ever crafted in the conservation of environmental prosperity. It encompasses genetics, speciation, habitat and ecosystem and strives to ensure that the continuity of the vegetation is upheld while the life support systems are conserved. This policy holds that it is essential for the social and economic settings of the goals and objectives concerning the biological life support systems. For this policy to have a safe head start, it is important that achievements are derived from many fronts. References Antweiler, W., Copeland, B.R. and Taylor, S.M., 2001. Agyeman, Julian, Environmental Justice and Sustainability, in Atkinson/Dietz/Neumayer (eds), Handbook of Sustainable Development, Cheltenham, UK/Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar 2007, reprinted 2008, 171188 Alam, Shawkat, Sustainable Development and Free Trade, Institutional Approaches, London/New York: Routledge 2008 (Alam, 2008).Environment,91, pp.877-908. Ferrier, S., Watson, G., Pearce, J. and Drielsma, M., 2002. Extended statistical approaches to modelling spatial pattern in biodiversity in northeast New South Wales. I. Species-level modelling.Biodiversity Conservation,11(12), pp.2275-2307. Fischer, J. and Lindenmayer, D.B., 2002. The conservation value of paddock trees for birds in a variegated landscape in southern New South Wales. 1. Species composition and site occupancy patterns.Biodiversity Conservation,11(5), pp.807-832. Harris, R., Griffin, T. and Williams, P., 2002.Sustainable tourism: a global perspective. Routledge. Langton, M. and Questions, B., 2004. Emerging Environmental Issues for Indigenous Peoples in Northern Australia.Quality of Human Resources: Disadvantaged People. Lindenmayer, D.B., Margules, C.R. and Botkin, D.B., 2000. Indicators of biodiversity for ecologically sustainable forest management.Conservation biology,14(4), pp.941-950. Pressey, R.L., Ferrier, S., Hager, T.C., Woods, C.A., Tully, S.L. and Weinman, K.M., 1996. How well protected are the forests of north-eastern New South Wales?Analyses of forest environments in relation to formal protection measures, land tenure, and vulnerability to clearing.Forest Ecology and Management,85(1), pp.311-333. Solomon, F., Katz, E. and Lovel, R., 2008. Social dimensions of mining: Research, policy and practice challenges for the minerals industry in Australia.Resources Policy,33(3), pp.142-149.

Identifying the Potential Threats in Relation to Chief Information Sec

Question: You are the Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) for a large multinational enterprise with a very large collection of intellectual property that represents a major portion of your business holdings.What are the threats against your corporate network, where do they come from and what do you need to mitigate against them? Answer: Introduction Risk Assessment is involved in examining the potential measures so that risks can be controlled in any given workplace. The organizations are actively involved in placing effective policy so that risk in the workplace can be controlled and better environment can be provided to employees. Thus, both qualitative and quantitative value of risks is determined under risk assessment by the organizations. The four different processes such as exposure identification, reviewing effect, risk evaluation and application of control is useful so that workplace activities can be managed effectively. The current report will be focusing in Identifying The Potential Threats In Relation To Chief Information Security Officer and finding solutions to gauze the threats. Fits with a profile Policy Profile The responsibility of CISO in a multinational company is to remain protected from the threats relating to many intellectual property collections. The CISO needs to protect these as the large section of the business comprises intellectual property such as cash trade, online marketing and targeting, conversation with shareholders, etc. As per Fitzgerald (2007), CISO act as a senior level executive that is accountable for lining up security initiatives so that technologies and information assets of the business are protected. On the other hand, Gaines Oringer (2012) stated that a CISO has different duties and responsibilities such as: Forming and employing security related policies Making sure of data privacy Administrating regulatory compliance Working with other executives to develop plan for business continuity and for disaster recovery Establishing security architecture for the organization Managing computer security of the company Apart from that, CISO is also involved in delivering consulting services in context to information security right through the organization so that effect of risk can be minimized. Moreover, the information security program can be implemented by the CISO. As per Gilbert (2012), around 60% of organizations are receiving benefit from the Chief Information Security Officer in securing their important data. Therefore, CISO also carries their activities with full determination to provide long run benefit to the organization. Further, the physical and technological aspects are considered by CISO to protect the organization and workplace from probable threats such as health and safety risk or wastage of resources risk. Gray (2006) discussed that in organizations, the technological aspects can be communications, IT system, and software application for assessing risk in the organizations. On the other hand, CISO takes responsibility regarding the activities of security management so that each department of the organization can be protected from the risk or threats. Moreover, CISO is effectively involved in providing training and development to staff to remain aware about the rising risk and handle it effectively and also providing learning about best antivirus so that secure environment can be formed. Tina (2012) proposed that CISO can do the following responsibilities: Responsibilities of CISO Organization Representative: CISO can as a representative on behalf organizations and provide relevant information to organizations customers, partners and shareholders in regards to security strategy. Plan and Test: CISO can be involved in planning information security program for protecting the organization from risk and the test the program whether it can provide better result or not. If it does then CISO recommend it to organizations senior department. Law Enforcement Agency: CISO deals with law enforcement agencies so that threats or risk can be monitored and possible action can be taken (Freeman, 2007). Further, CISO can track the theft done by the employees. Form security procedure and policies: CISO is effectively involved in developing procedure and policies for information system security, database and training procedure for staff. Balance Security: CISO also take active part in balancing the security in all levels of organization so work can be carried in most productive way. Profile Completion The problem that has been registered while working as a chief information security officer relates to poor standard of e-mailing, theft of tax record, differences in protection and monitoring, social engineering, less effective network, etc. The further problem that occurred in workplace can be explained as: Virus The information in database gets damage and confidential file gets corrupted. Around $1.2 billion damage has been done within 15 days over the internet. Blended Attacks The hacker or cyber criminal applies different methods to crack the security system of the organization (Gottschalk, 2002). Phishing The shareholders, employees and customers has little faith on the use of implemented IT system in the company Application Specific Attack The cyber criminal with the use of SQL rob the valuable data relating to customers detail, employees total production, etc. Problems Threats 1: Virus According to Hunter (2011), shared frequency is prime threats that affect the company. On the other hand, around 72% of the business house receive offensive or threats emails. In the recent survey by DTI, it has been found that the email threat percentage has risen to 83 percent. Moreover, the report of Symantecs Security Threats states that Worms and Trojan Horses effectively involved in damaging the documents of corporate house. Further, as a CISO it has been identified that back door virus leads to higher difficulties by generating codes which damage the database of company (Armstrong, Simer Spaniol, 2011). Threat 2: Blended Attacks It is regarded as the grouping of hacks and phishing. This particular threat makes company to lose their valuable data such as companys product or equipment budget or customers details. Threats 3: Phishing It is also considered most effective threat that mostly connected with the banking sector. It has been send customers do their transaction and use their id and password for different purpose such as filling bank form online. Thus, as a chief information security officer, it has been noticed that worms or virus damage the remote system of computer that erase the data (Cresson Wood, 2002). Moreover, cascade volumes are being sent by worms into the mail server of the enterprise and important files of company can be attacked. Therefore, criminals with the use of phishing can access the sensitive information such as credit card information, passwords or usernames and thus important can be theft by the hackers (Dlamini, 2013). Threats 4: Hacking Hacking is done by the attackers to erase or steal the information for their own purpose or just for sake of fun. Moreover, SQL injection is done by the hackers to enter into the security system of the company so that confidential information can be accessed and publish it in public. The hackers try to break the system so that details about customers, employees, strategies plan, and worksheet plan can be robbed and use it for their business (Fitzgerald, 2007). Apart from that, it has been observed while being engaged as CISO that number of marketers were willing to invest for protecting themselves from the threat of hacking so that they maintain their workplace safe and secure. Further, a breach is created by the hackers so that information can be stole while information is being shared over network (Gray, 2006). Solutions In order to protect the important documents or file from the possible threat, the security department of IT system can develop the following layers: First Layer: The prevention technology like RSS method can be effective for the group member in activating suspect element. On the other hand, the anomalous request has to be monitored that may have been received in e-mails (Boihme, 2013). Moreover, the intrusion prevention system can be useful in knowing the threats as the system can monitor the unexpected entries and data traffic. Second Layer: In this layer, a defence has to be added to get protection from virus. Moreover, when an antivirus system is being installed then prevention of back door has to be activated so that any virus could not enter into the system (Warley, 2011). Further, security management system has to be implemented for better protection from malicious threat or viruses. Third Layer: The internet security system has to be enforced for acknowledging vulnerability with business opportunities. Therefore, using the calculation, the system has to be installed and appropriate vulnerable has to be selected with protective measures. Thus, it can be effective in lowering down the risk (Coronado, 2012). Moreover, external security threats can be controlled through this system. Situational Crime Prevention Framework The framework can be valuable in forming strategies so that security virus can be prevented along with phishing and blended attacks. Existing Approaches to the situational prevention The framework is effective in building internal connection among the security breaches for the organizations. According to Garber (2012), instrumental fusion is developed by situational crime which allows in structuring activity among traditional crime and organizational. Moreover, the situation lens can help organization in scanning the malicious code or activity of virus that may be delivered by hackers through e-mails. On the other hand, MacGillivray (2013) mentioned that spillover effect can be useful in limiting the future security breaches in context to selected multinational enterprises. Therefore, organization can be able to track information related to rob information, products, etc from the prevention framework. Apart from that, Michael (2012) pointed that hypotheses structure of knowledge has been developed by situational crime prevention and it helps in directing the staffs as per routine wise. Further, flexibility is being increased and maintenance of proper security can be gained and affect of external threat can be lowered down. On the other side, Oshri, Kotlarsky Hirsch (2007) discussed that providing assistance and guidance to other can be valuable in avoiding number of security attacks with the system of information technology. Therefore, the situational crime prevention can be effective in controlling the security problem from the workplace of MNC. Further, the framework can provide guideline to CISO for including staffs so that higher monitor can be done on the illegal activities of the hackers or cyber attackers. Law Multinational Enterprise Current Law Privacy and Electronic Communication Regulations 2003: The organizations can adopt the system under data protection act section 11 that can help the individual in controlling security whenever there is an unexpected mail from the direct market. Moreover, the regulation provides assistance in the use of communication and electronic media such as cold calls, texts, e-mails, etc if it is employed for marketing (Padayachee, 2012). Terrorism Act 2006: The act delivers the guideline for developing wide array of offences in regards to information security terrorism. In section 19 of the act, it has been mentioned that organization should disclose hacking information rate from IT system (Cs.jhu.edu, 2015). Malicious Communication Act1988: The legal articles can be made by the company for providing information to other parties. Moreover, the act requires that before sending any data malicious activities has to be addressed so that it does not affect other network or system. Therefore, the information can be transferred in more secure manner. Proposed Laws for Multinational Organizations Privacy and Electronic Communication Regulations 2011: The information security can be maintained and secured in much better way as a CISO under this law. The amendment policy of Regulations Act 2011 proposes that company has to oblige it in regards to use of cookies in social sites or internet websites and also receiving mails in the mail server (Sans.org, 2015). Therefore, more secure system can be developed for the information system. Digital Economy Act 2011: This particular act can assist the company in regulating appropriate media for preventing threat whenever the information is being shared within the network or adopting market opportunities on the basis of networking websites of social media (Tina, 2012). On the other hand, digital media act 2010 is effective in dealing with issues related to online such as obligations from the providers of internet service. Therefore, act can help in handling online security of the company. International Scope Viruses: The problem of virus is being faced by many domestic industries along with international ones. The virus attack seriously damages the important information of the company. For instance, in 2008 around 10% of the computer system was affected that were linked to internet by the Morris Worm. Further, it has been found from the report that almost 60000 computers are affected by Morris Worm and access the data available in the computers (Gilbert, 2012). Therefore, due to this worm many industries of world were left with missing important files. Moreover, other viruses such as Trojan Horses, Mapson, trile.C, etc are damaging the computer system of world entities. Phishing: Phishing is also one of the major international problems that affect the information security of the world companies. For instance, Cornell University student received an e-mail with the subject of IT Service Desk Support in January 2015. Further, in the mail it was required that student has to upgrade their personal university email account and they were asked to provide details about the bank account into the mail body of the system (Bristol.ac.uk, 2015). Therefore, it can be understood that, phishing can reach out to global companies as well and make them to do what are feed by the cyber criminals. Hack: Hacking is one of the prime threats in global scenario. Many of baking industry is subjected to hacking. The number of hackers tries to enter into the system of banking industry in order to exploit the information so that they can either use it for their own purpose or destroy it. Therefore, numbers of bankers are actively involved in anti hacker program to safeguard the information from illegal hacking (Gilbert, 2012). For instance, New York Times internal network was hacked in 2002 by a hacker and information was accessed from the database of NYT. Moreover, Mark Zuckerbergs personal facebook page was hacked in 2013 (Dlamini, 2013). Blended Attacks: The blended attack has risen in recent years internationally. Due to this attack numbers of small firm are not able to secure their server and attackers attack the system and access data. For example, in October 2010 a virus was discovered named Zeus MitMo in order to defraud web banking users. Therefore, the attackers managed to get the authentication code that was sent by the bank and as a result they emptied the bank account of customers (Bullguard.com, 2015). Therefore, cyber criminals can send viruses to any location via emails or instant message to enter into the information system of the users or companies for their own benefit. The other virus such as love bug has potential to destroy the information. Conclusion From the whole report, it can be concluded that information security system should be prime focus to protect the files or documents from the potential threat of hacking, blended attacks, phishing and viruses. However, the report has concentrated in understanding the possible effect of threats and proposing solution that can help in lowering down the impact of those online threats. On the other hand, the role of Chief Information Security Officer is important in addressing the threat that can hamper the industry and its various departments and overall workplace. Apart from that, situational crime prevention framework is effective in acknowledging the possible threat and provided some idea that is helpful in mitigating the information security risk. Moreover, it also helped CISO to identifying the threats and provides training to staffs for tacking the threat issues. Further, the current and proposed law is valuable in facing internet challenges and also international scope has been st udied to know the impact of online threats. References Armstrong, S., Simer, L., Spaniol, L. (2011). Models of technology management at the community college: The role of the chief information officer. New Directions For Community Colleges, 2011(154), 87-95. doi:10.1002/cc.449 Boihme, R. (2013). The Economics of Information Security and Privacy. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Bristol.ac.uk, (2015). Retrieved 4 February 2015, from https://www.bristol.ac.uk/media-library/sites/infosec/migrated/documents/guide.pdf Bullguard.com,. (2015). Rise of the blended attacks. Retrieved 4 February 2015, from https://www.bullguard.com/bullguard-security-center/internet-security/internet-threats/rise-of-the-blended-attacks.aspx Coronado, A. (2012). Corporate Computer and Network Security. Journal Of Information Privacy And Security, 8(4), 81-84. Cresson Wood, C. (2002). Dont Let Role of Information Security Policies in the Arthur Andersen/Enron Case Go Without Mention to your Chief Executive Officer. Computer Fraud Security, 2002(5), 11-13. doi:10.1016/s1361-3723(02)00513-4 Cs.jhu.edu, (2015). Retrieved 4 February 2015, from https://www.cs.jhu.edu/~rubin/courses/sp07/Reading/newlawis.pdf Dlamini, R. (2013). The role of the strategic and adaptive Chief Information Officer in higher education. Educ Inf Technol. doi:10.1007/s10639-013-9269-5 Fitzgerald, T. (2007). Clarifying the Roles of Information Security: 13 Questions the CEO, CIO, and CISO Must Ask Each Other. Information Systems Security, 16(5), 257-263. doi:10.1080/10658980701746577 Freeman, E. (2007). Regulatory Compliance and the Chief Compliance Officer. Information Systems Security, 16(6), 357-361. doi:10.1080/10658980701805050 Gaines, A., Oringer, A. (2012). ERISA. New York, NY: Practising Law Institute. Garber, L. (2012). Security, Privacy, and Policy Roundup. IEEE Security Privacy Magazine, 10(2), 15-17. Gilbert, F. (2012). Thirteenth annual Institute on Privacy and Data Security Law. New York, N.Y.: Practising Law Institute. Gottschalk, P. (2002). The role of the Chief Information Officer in formal strategic information systems planning. International Journal Of Technology, Policy And Management, 2(2), 93. doi:10.1504/ijtpm.2002.001760 Gray, P. (2006). Manager's guide to making decisions about information systems. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Hunter, M. (2011). Identifying Issues of the Chief Information Officer Role through Qualitative Interviews. International Journal Of Sociotechnology And Knowledge Development, 3(2), 42-52. doi:10.4018/jskd.2011040104 MacGillivray, B. (2013). Heuristics Structure and Pervade Formal Risk Assessment. Risk Analysis, 34(4), 771-787. Michael, K. (2012). Security Risk Management: Building an Information Security Risk Management Program from the Ground Up. Computers Security, 31(2), 249-250. Oshri, I., Kotlarsky, J., Hirsch, C. (2007). Information security in networkable Windows-based operating system devices: Challenges and solutions. Computers Security, 26(2), 177-182. Padayachee, K. (2012). Taxonomy of compliant information security behavior. Computers Security, 31(5), 673-680. Sans.org, (2015). Retrieved 4 February 2015, from https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/assurance/mixing-technology-business-roles-responsibilities-chief-information-security-of-1044 Tina, T. (2012). Certified Chief Information Security Officer (CCISO) Secrets To Acing The Exam and Successful Finding And Landing Your Next Certified Chief Information Security Officer (CCISO) Certified Job. Dayboro: Emereo Pub. Warley, R. (2011). Juvenile Homicide. El Paso: LFB Scholarly Pub. LLC.

Epic Heroes Essays - Ancient Greek Religion, Epic Cycle,

Epic Heroes Furthermore, we have not even to risk the adventure alone, for the heroes of all time have gone before us. The labyrinth is thoroughly known. We have only to follow the thread of the hero path, and where we had thought to find an abomination, we shall find a god. And where we had thought to slay another, we shall slay ourselves. Where we had thought to travel outward we will come to the center of our own existence. And where we had thought to be alone, we will be with all the world. Joseph Campbell, The Power of Myth Heroes have been popular throughout the existence of human beings because that's what's worth writing about (Campbell 123). Hero myths help us to evolve into better humans by learning from the trials and triumphs of the hero. In classical Greek literature, the epic hero can be defined in terms of the contrasting characters of Achilles and Odysseus, the two most important figures in Homer's great epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey. The two heroes represent the two different types of heroes that we have, a hero with a spiritual deed and a hero with a physical deed: There are two types of deed. One is the physical deed in which the hero performs a courageous act in battle. The other is a kind of spiritual deed, in which the hero learns to experience the supernormal range of human spiritual life and then comes back with a message. (Campbell 123) Achilles, the greatest warrior of the Greeks in the Trojan War, is actually a demi-god rather than a human hero, having been dipped in charmed waters by his mother and given the gift of invulnerability. He represents the physical deed. Odysseus, on the other hand, is a fully human character, and his heroism consists more in his cleverness, boldness and cunning than his martial ability. He represents the spiritual deed. The contrast between these two models of the epic hero could not be stronger, for although Achilles is godlike and almost immortal in his fighting prowess, he remains childish and petulant in his personality, even in the moment of his greatest triumph he lacks the nobility and generosity expected of a truly great hero. The man of many ways Odysseus, however, rises above his purely human limitations to achieve a much greater destiny, triumphing over the dangers of war and wandering to come home to his wife and family. Achilles, the first tragic hero in literature, depicts both sides of human nature: Achilles personifies what is best and worst in human nature. He is at his best when he?offers compassion and consolation that reveal his profound understanding of the human condition. However at his worst he behaves like a selfish child and acts like a brutal beast. (Rosenberg 121) We observe the more unpleasant aspects of Achilles' character shortly after we first encounter him in The Iliad, during his quarrel with Agamemnon over the possession of a concubine. Before the assembled Greek leaders, Achilles complains that he never gets his fair share of the prizes, that the Achaeans do not give him sufficient honor, and that he has grown weary of fighting the Trojans, since to me they have done nothing (Lattimore, 1967:63). When Agamemnon decides to teach him a lesson and take his concubine Briseis from him, Achilles demonstrates a fit of temper and warns all the Greeks that they will be sorry they refused to cater to his desires: And then you will eat out the heart within you in sorrow, that you did no honour to the best of the Achaeans (Lattimore, 1967:65). Then he leaves to sulk in his tent. Achilles unarguably is indeed the best of the Achaeans in combat, but since he is the son of a goddess and blessed with invulnerability in battle, heroism is not the quali ty that makes him a great warrior. His counterpart among the Trojans, Hector, in truth, is a much nobler character-- loving to his parents, wife and children, fearless in battle, and willing to sacrifice everything for his people. In comparison with Hector, Achilles resembles something of a mama's boy; in fact, we see him crying to his mother Thetis

Defining Millennials and Theyre Role in the Workforce

Defining Millennials and Theyre Role in the Workforce Millennials, like baby boomers, are a group defined by their birth dates. A millennial refers to someone who was born after 1980. More specifically, Millennials are those born between 1977 and 1995 or 1980 and 2000, depending on who is writing about this generation at the moment. Also referred to as Generation Y, Generation Why, Generation Next, and Echo Boomers, this group is quickly taking over the American workforce. As of 2016, nearly half of the countrys employees fall between the ages of 20 and 44 years old. Estimated at 80 million, millennials outnumber baby boomers (73 million) and Generation X (49 million). How Millennials Grew Up The nickname Generation Why refers to the questioning nature of millennials. They have been taught to not take everything at face value  but to really understand the reason why something is. An increase in available information thanks to the internet has only fueled this desire. Some of this is due to the fact that this is the first generation to have grown up entirely with computers. Even many born in those disputed years of 1977 to 1981 had their first interactions with computers in elementary school. Technology has played a great role in their lives and it progressed quickly as they grew up. For this reason, Millennials are at the forefront of all things tech. Raised during The Decade of the Child, Millennials also benefitted from greater parental attention than in generations past. Quite often, this included fathers who were more involved in their childrens lives. Their childhoods have influenced their understanding of gender roles in the home and the workplace as well as their future expectations. The Desire for Meaningful Work Millennials are expected to create a cultural shift in the workplace. Already, Millennials have expressed a desire to pursue work that is personally meaningful. They tend to resist corporate hierarchy  and are accustomed to getting work done in a variety of environments- not simply sitting at their desks.   Flexible scheduling is of great appeal to millennials who place a high value on work-life balance. Many companies are following this trend by providing an employee-centered workplace that is flexible in both place and time. This generation is also changing the traditional approach to management. Millennials are known as multitasking team players who thrive on encouragement and feedback. Companies that can appeal to these attributes often see great gains in productivity. Millennials Are Closing the Wage Gap The millennials may also be the generation that closes the gender wage gap by the time they retire. Although women typically earn 80 cents for every dollar a man makes, among the millennials that gap is closing tighter.   Every year since 1979, the U.S. Department of Labor has issued a report on the annual average of womens earnings compared to that of men. In 1979, women earned just 62.3 percent of what men did and by 2015, that reached 81.1 percent. In that same 2015 report, women in the millennial generation were earning as much, if not more, on average each week than older women. This trend shows a significant increase in skilled labor jobs that have opened up for women in the workforce. It also tells us that millennial women are competing more and more with their male counterparts in a technologically-driven society. Source Highlights of womens earnings in 2015. November 2016. Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor.  https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/womens-earnings/2015/home.htm

Analyzing WordPress Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analyzing WordPress Security - Essay Example In addition, at the present, there have emerged a number of dangerous automated security breaches and threats that take advantage of newly discovered privacy and security issues and vulnerabilities in WordPress. Until now, WordPress has been dealing with the security holes by releasing updates within a few days To date, WordPress has been dealing with the security holes by releasing updates within a few days of latest updates being established, however in the last few days new updates have come into view that nobody seems to have answers for.1 This report discusses different aspects of WordPress security, such as information security, breaches and possible security attacks. This report outlines a number of security aspects and possible kinds of attacks on WordPress websites. This report also discusses the reasons behind security attacks. This report will also present the potential solutions and paramours we can formulate for the effective security management while using the services of WordPress. Moreover, this report also outlines some real world examples of WordPress security and privacy breaches. ... In this scenario, divided security based vulnerability on one of the development web servers allowed a security hacker to initiate usable dirty code in the form of a back door to a number of downloads of WordPress version 2.1.1. However, the WordPress version 2.1.2 was released to deal with this problem. It was a recommended released at that time directed all the clients to improve instantly.2 In 2007, a research study outlined that 98 percent of WordPress blogs being executed were exploitable for the reason that they were operational out-of-date and using an unverified edition of the software. In June 2007, Mr. Stefan Esser, who was the initiator of the PHP Security Response Team has given an interview in which he seriously stated on the WordPress's security track record, stating issues with the system's architecture that made it gratuitously hard to write code that is protected from SQL injection vulnerabilities, and a number of further issues. Since then, WordPress has always been struggling for improving the overall privacy and security. In this scenario, the latest versions of the Wordpress offer additional features to deal with security issues. There were also some issues with the security plug-ins like that WP safety, WP safety Scan and a lot of other features.3 Attacks against WordPress This section presents an analysis of the security and privacy attacks that can be used against the WordPress website. In this scenario, the cross-site scripting is one of the most often seen web application vulnerabilities. Basically, vulnerability allows the security attackers to add dirty and malicious web scripts into the web sites. In this scenario, the malicious

Impact of different variables on the economic growth of Sweden Dissertation

Impact of different variables on the economic growth of Sweden - Dissertation Example This paper has conducted a comprehensive research on finding out the effects of tax policies, employment and wages on the level of economic growth of Sweden. Using empirical data, it has been found that economic growth of Sweden does not depend on tax policy, employment status and wages. I. INTRODUCTION Sweden is a very economically significant country in the world. Although it is a very small country, it experiences significant economic growth. A very interesting thing to note about Swedish economy is the dispute over the character of the economic system of Sweden. Its economic system can not be characterized as a complete socialism or pure capitalism. In Sweden private sector dominates in all production areas. In fact, around ninety percent of total production in this country is produced in private sector. Looking at the dominance of private sector, it seems that there prevails full corporatism in Sweden. But the interesting thing is that majority of production in private sector, a round fifty percent, is exposed to state controls. Looking at this nature of Swedish economy, it is some times characterized as a system of welfare state socialism. Some, however, like to view this system as welfare state corporatism. ... Government undertakes various policies relating to tax, employment and wages. Tax accounts for a major place in fiscal policies. While in one hand, tax is an important source of revenue to the government, on the other hand it also reduces consumer purchasing power by reducing disposable income. Hence, changes in tax policy will definitely have effect on consumer purchasing behavior, and therefore, on aggregate demand of the economy and consequently on GDP of the country. Employment and economic growth has a strong association as well. In fact, there is a cyclical relationship between employment and economic growth where both are dependent on one another. While the level of employment of a country is dependent to a large extent on the level of economic growth, economic growth is also affected by various employment policies. Economic growth of a country is also related to wage level. While some think that a path of low wage can lead to economic growth, some others feel that a high wage economy is more efficient in achieving higher growth. Hence the level of growth of an economy is also dependent on wage policies taken by the government. In Sweden government has a significant role to play in controlling various economic operations. Hence, economic growth of Sweden can well be expected to be dependent on various economic policies undertaken by the government of the country. Hence, it can be assumed that governmental policies in the areas of taxes, employment and wages, produce some impact on economic growth. Aim and objectives It would be, therefore, quite interesting, to find out how tax policies, employment and wages affect economic growth of Sweden. Since the economy of Sweden can not be characterized as a nation which is fully controlled

Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Motivation - Essay Example His vision is geared to improve the existing working dynamics within his organization as well as to properly scrutinize the effects of productivity as per the domains of the organization. Rewarding employees for the sake of motivation could work wonders for them since these employees are mostly dependent on fiscal and economic upheavals within their lives. If the entrepreneurial firm understands these concerns, it would not be wrong to suggest that growth and development within such reins would happen in a very quick way. The employees will understand the fact that the organization is sincere towards their working basis and hence it makes all the more reason for them to remain loyal and dedicated as per the cause of the entrepreneurial firm itself. This will thus form a symbiotic relationship – where each of the stakeholders within the organization itself will look to provide benefit to the other party (Brewer, 2000). An entrepreneurial firm must be proactive in its approach towards motivating its own employees as this will manifest its attachment with the work processes, business realms and so on. If this firm does not pay proper heed towards the concerns of the employees and has no interest in motivating them on a consistent basis, it is a given that the employees will either start taking their work for granted or would leave their respective jobs and pursue their careers elsewhere. An entrepreneurial firm cannot afford such inactions and needs to devise policies and mechanisms through which growth levels could be further boosted (Wright, 2001). This can however exponentially increase and in a dramatic way if motivation comes about in full circle. If the rewards are in monetary terms, the employees appreciate the concern shown by the organization itself. Also at times, promotions and other incentives like bonuses, added privileges, etc are given to the employees who in essence get

Systematic Review Dignity In Care For Adults Nursing Essay

Systematic Review Dignity In Care For Adults Nursing Essay Introduction: Dignity is a broad and complicated notion that can be used in legal, religious, bioethics, scientific and political contexts with different meanings. The term dignity signifies that a person has a birthright of being respected and treated morally and ethically by others. Dignity implies that people should be treated in such a manner that they feel their value and worth as individuals within the societal context (Soulen and Woodhead 2006). Dignity can be elevated and alleviated by several factors in a healthcare facility. These factors include the facility culture, surroundings and environment, attitudes and behaviour of caregivers and the practice of care being carried out in the facility. People feel more comfortable, confident and in control for making various decisions on their own in the presence of dignity but if there is a lack of dignity they may feel discomforted, devalued, embarrassed and humiliated (Weisstub and Pintos 2007). Dignity is concerned with how people feel, think and behave in relation to the worth or value of themselves and others. To treat someone with dignity is to treat them as being of worth, in a way that is respectful of them as valued individuals (RCN, 2008). As dignity creates a sense of comfort and control, it is quite important that caregivers in medical institutions realise the importance of dignity while giving care to adults with learning disabilities. The proposed research will analyse the literature associated with dignity in care for adults with learning disabilities in the United Kingdom. The study Aim: The primary aim of the proposed research is to analyse the meaning, perceptions and quality of dignity in healthcare with respect to adults who have learning disabilities in the United Kingdom and study the range of healthcare services available for adults with learning disabilities. The Study Objectives: To assess challenges of access, inclusion, choice, attitudes and legislation faced by adults with learning disabilities in healthcare. To determine whether dignity in care for adults with learning disabilities exists in reality as proposed and promoted by the UK Department of health or not. To understand and compare the types of health care services offered and available to adults with learning disabilities. To analyse the quality of healthcare provided to adults with learning disabilities in the United Kingdom and inequalities faced by them. The following section of the research proposal will discuss the literature as methods and methodology used to achieve the research aim. As it is systematic literature review in general and as it used to this study in research particular. Methodology: Research methodology is an important aspect through which researches are conducted. A research methodology will actually depict that what is the appropriate approach of conducting a research and which research strategy will be applied in this research. In the similar manner it would also depict that which data will be collected for the research and how it will be collected. This entire research would focus on learning disabilities with adults and the issue of dignity will also be addressed in this research. The main objective of this research is to understand the issues of meaning, perceptions and quality related to learning disabilities and how dignity of these individuals is affected. The primary method that will be utilised in this research is based on systematic literature review which is useful for several reasons such gives a genuine, clear idea about the issue being studied. This method is implemented in this research because it would definitely be helpful because of several reasons. First and the foremost reason is that it would give a clear about the issue that is being studied. Wolf (2008) presented an idea about that systematic literature review that philosophy of science, development of health related materials etc can be analysed through systematic literature review. In the similar manner it gives a genuine and a clear idea about the issue that is being studied. Through this approach findings can be properly analysed and systematic literature review helps the researchers in the decision making process. Wolf (2008) believed that through this approach the information that is collected for this research can easily be summarised. The benefits of this approach would be that past researches can easily be utilised and this would definitely reduce the cost of researching. Another important factor for choosing this approach is the benefit of time that is at tached with systematic literature review. According to Britton and Jonsson (2004) systematic literature review is actually a cost effective approach for conducting a research. Both the researchers agreed with Wolf (2008) that generalisation and collection of data in this approach is quite simple and easy as compared to other approaches. Therefore, it can be said that because of these benefits this approach of systematic literature review is selected for this research. Ethical Considerations: Ethics is the term used for differentiation of right over wrong, good over evil and signification of justice or equality in the general behaviour or actions of individuals in a society (Hinman 2007). Confidentiality and privacy of individuals participating in a research is quite important especially if the research topic is quite sensitive as the case is with dignity in care for adults with learning disabilities. The researcher needs to understand and realise the seriousness of ethical issues and considerations in such a research. Although there is a danger of participants being named or personal information being compromised, the approval from the ethical issues committee is not necessary, as the proposed study will only present a systematic literature review of the data already accessible by public. The information collected in the proposed research will only be used for research purposes and real identities will be replaced by codes or false names when required. The following sect ion provides an analysis of literature relevant to the research topic that will be used in the proposed research. In this research proposal, there is no need to seek the prior approval of the research ethical issues committee because the study will be beleaguered to summarise the related literature only. All the subjects included as a part of the literature review and studied / observed are free from any such biases. This research does not use any kind of personal information of patients or people suffering from learning disabilities and hence there is no incidence of violation of rights on moral or ethical grounds. Study of the Literature: According to The UK Department of Health (2001) learning disability is a combination or collection of several disabilities and disorders. These disabilities may include disability to understand new information or skills, impaired function in society and an onset of any disability that started before adulthood and had a lasting effect. Learning disability or intellectual disability also referred to as learning difficulty in the United Kingdom is quite difficult to explain as it covers a broad collection of disorders or disabilities that people may face. These disabilities include but are not limited to challenges in processing information, understanding written or spoken language and other challenges that may affect quality of life (Corley and Taymans 2002). This notion by Corley and Taymans (2002) is backed by Turnbull and Chapman (2010) who suggest that people with learning disabilities face several problems in understanding and processing complex information and face challenges in developing new skills. These descriptions of learning disabilities indicate that adults with such disabilities may have difficulties in processing information in several social circumstances including healthcare. This implies that adults with learning disabilities will have a higher degree of healthcare needs as opposed to people with no learning disabilities at all. McGrath (2010) argued in an extensive literature review that people with intellectual disabilities have greater healthcare requirements as compared to the general population. While explaining the nature and intensity of these healthcare needs he argues that the health care needs of people with intellectual disabilities are more complex in comparison with the general population and can result in premature death, which could otherwise be prevented through effective care. This argument by McGrath (2010) is also backed by several other researches conducted in the context of healthcare needs of people with learning disabilities (Michael 2008; Leyshon et al. 2004; Cooper, Melville and Morrison 2004; Paxton and Taylor, 1998; Nocon, Sayce and Nadirshaw 2008). Gaskell and Nightingale (2010) also agree with McGrath (2010) regarding the greater healthcare needs of people with learning disabilities. They suggest that healthcare needs of adults with learning disabilities tend to be higher in comp arison to the general population due to a variety of reasons including visual and hearing impairment, challenges in mobility, heart conditions, diabetes and osteoporosis. The greater needs for healthcare of adults with learning disabilities are also perceived by caregivers as Vecchio, Cybinski and Stevens (2009) in their study analysed the effect of disability on needs of caregivers. They implemented descriptive statistics and regression analysis to conclude that caregivers of adults with disabilities indicated that they required assistance while providing care to such adults. It was also concluded in the study that the needs of adults with learning disabilities were even greater than the needs of adults with physical disabilities with respect to healthcare (Vecchio, Cybinski and Stevens 2009). Adults with learning disabilities face several challenges with respect to societal factors including unethical treatment, abuse, undue pressure in interpersonal communication and biasness from the general population due to their specific disability (Slater 2005). Slater (2005) argued that the most prominent challenges with respect to societal factors in healthcare were neglect, poor treatment and abuse by caregivers. He argues that adults with learning disabilities have every right to dignity in life as the general population and should not be subject to abuse due to a specific disability. The Department of Health (2001) provides a clear strategy regarding treatment and care of elderly people especially when they face challenges due to learning disabilities. The recommendations presented by Slater (2005) are in line with the department of health framework with respect to poor treatment and abuse. The framework clearly outlines that dignity should be a top priority in healthcare where people should be treated in an ethical, moral and respectful manner. The importance of dignity and equality in healthcare services is iterated by another report of The Department of Health (2002) by implying the importance of fair access to care services irrespective of age and any disabilities a person may have. Philp (2007) recommended that dignity in care should not be an afterthought and caregivers should understand and realise the importance of dignity in healthcare of adults with learning disabilities. He suggests that caregivers are very busy and they need to incorporate dignity into the overall framework for providing care. In his study, Philp (2007) emphasised the need for treating adults with respect and integrity while giving them a sense of freedom and control over their actions and behaviour. He concluded that there are various forms of abuse and caregivers need to provide care with thorough understanding and realisation of dignity in care of adults with learning disabilities (Philp 2007). Holland (2000) on the other hand, analysed how ageing affects people with learning disabilities with respect to social, psychological and biological issues. He argued that adults with severe learning disabilities faced more challenges in later parts of life with respect to services as compared to adults without any disabilities. He concluded in his study that gaps were present in the healthcare and social services provided to learning disabilities and the standards established by the department of health (Holland 2000). This implies that albeit healthcare providers may focus on providing the most effective quality of services but improvements can still be made to make the quality of services more effective especially with respect to dignity in care. Batesa and Davis (2004) in their study of social inclusion and services for people with learning disabilities presented several societal challenges faced by adults with learning disabilities. These challenges include hindrance in local community participation, perceptions of general population, problems in safety and trust, limited access to social networks and limited access to services being offered. The study indicates that these challenges are faced by adults with learning disabilities mainly due to the perceptions of community and general population with respect to these people. The research concludes that social capital concept provides an effective model for services that focus on promoting social inclusion of adults with learning disabilities (Batesa and Davis 2004). The concept of social capital, which is based on social networks, and standards of trust and reciprocity Batesa and Davis (2004) can also be implemented in healthcare for adults with learning disabilities for bet ter outcomes. Health care services are of utmost importance to individuals who are suffering with different learning disabilities. McGrath (2010) believed that people with learning disabilities needs health checks to monitor the discrepancies they have. Annual health checks is a type of health care service that is offered and available to adults with learning disabilities. Usually, people who are facing these difficulties are less likely to receive continuous screening and they have less frequent routine checks. That is the reason why annual health checks should be offered by different health care institutions so that they can benefit from it in both the short and the long run. However, a concern is that whether these health checks are needed or not because if they are not viable enough so there is no need to have an exercise that would engage them in such activity. Albroze (2005) discussed that these annual health checks are very important because they assist the patients in every aspects and peo ple who are suffering from these difficulties can gauge that what is their current situation. People who have learning disabilities usually live in communities and they have the right to access different mainstream health care services. Deshler, Schumaker and Bulgren (2001) discussed that individual importance should be given to people who are suffering with learning disabilities and this can be considered as a health care service. Nurses should be effectively trained in this regard and they should help the individuals who are facing learning difficulties. These researchers also believed that equal health care services should be provided to patients who are suffering from learning disabilities. In the similar manner disability awareness should be given to them in different regards like trainings and workshops should be organised so that they can easily benefit from these activities. Certain special health care services should be allotted to those individuals that have complex and special needs (Bergmark, Parker, Thorslund, 2000). In the similar manner, certain action plans should be developed for this cause so that all these health care services would be implemented in a proactive manner. Besides certain annual che cks individuals suffering from learning disabilities should be offered regular checkups. This will provide an equal opportunity to learn about their health and they can lead a happy and a prosperous life. Certain picture-based books should be provided to them so that they can learn how they can face different complex situations (Deshler, Schumaker and Bulgren 2001). Emerson, Davies and Spencer (2005) analysed that learning disability in adults is a condition that is quite long lasting. A survey showed that about 62% of all the people who are suffering from this disability live with their parents or with their relatives. Similarly, 30% of the people especially adults live in certain form of residential care or they live with people who are also suffering from learning disabilities. However, only 7% of the people live with their partners or they live alone. There are different inequalities faced by adults when they are receiving health care facilities. Michael (2008) believed that at times people receive unequal health care treatment and this can be considered as an important issue for people who are providing learning disabilities and for those who are accessing it. People that are facing learning difficulties are not always offered the same level of services and treatment as the general population. People and health care service providers assume certain things when they are dealing with individuals facing learning disabilities (Kuntz, Minnes, Garcin, Martin, Lewis, Holden, 2005). In the similar manner the routine health care services received by these adults over the year in the United Kingdom is patchy too. Finally, people who are suffering from learning disabilities as not served and perceived as a priority (Michael 2008). Cooper, Melville and Morrison (2004) believed that people who are facing learning difficulties face unequal atmosphere. They are not treated as equal citizens in many conditions and this creates a sense of inequality in them. People with learning disabilities are discriminated in the society and there are different health care professionals who do not understand much about learning disabilities. In the similar manner many professionals in the society are not familiar with the laws associated with capacity to consent. There are certain professionals who are aware with this scenario but most of them do not consult the family of these individuals who are suffering with learning disabilities (Corley and Taymans 2002). Individuals that are suffering with learning disabilities may not understand the significance and importance of health care screening or it is highly probable that they may not recognise the symbols of ill health. This factor might create issues for the carers in both the s hort and the long run. Therefore, people with learning disabilities should be dealt with extreme care and the level of dignity should be maintained so that they can lead a healthy and a prosperous life. Summary: The primary aim of the proposed research is to analyse the issues related to dignity in healthcare with respect to adults who have learning disabilities in the United Kingdom and study the range of available healthcare services. This primary aim will be accomplished by achieving several underlying objectives. All the researches that were analysed in the literature review depict that adults with learning disabilities face several challenges especially with respect to dignity and they should be dealt with extreme care. There are certain discrepancies and difficulties in this regard and there should be a proper equal approach adopted to care for adults with learning disabilities. It was also stressed in this research paper that dignity of these individuals is the main issues and once the dignity of these individuals are present they can live with self respect in the society. Relevance to Practice: The entire research would be quite useful in enhancing the level of dignity in adults who are suffering from learning disabilities in United Kingdom. However, one of the major points that should be focused by different agencies and social workers would be how fast and effectively they can implement all these processes. A significant amount of research has been conducted in this regard but the reviewed literature shows several gaps in standards laid down by government health authorities and current practices. The proposed research will be helpful in filling these gaps. The proposed research would be beneficial for adults who are facing with learning disabilities and it would be beneficial for caregivers who are planning to implement these processes.

12th Night - Orsino Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night depicts the trials and faults of several characters’ loves. There are many downfalls and unrequited loves, and the story basically ends up in a confusing love triangle. He especially shows the many quirks of Orsino in his quest for winning the true love of Olivia. In this play, the reader can easily understand the many mistakes that Orsino makes in love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For a majority of the play, Orsino is very oblivious to the fact that Cesario is actually a woman. Viola, disguised as Cesario, makes many comments to him that could possibly lead him to finding out her secret. For example, when Orsino asks what kind of woman Cesario loves, she replies â€Å"Of your complexion† (2.4.27). Orsino does not catch this, but describes that one should love a woman younger than himself. â€Å"For women are roses, whose fair flower Being once displayed, doth fall that very hour† (2.4.40-41). This is most likely a positive point for Viola, being that she is clearly younger than Orsino, and once the disguises are taken away, he will realize that he can love her. Orsino 1 actually describes a platonic love between himself and Cesario. This is a hint to the reader that the unveiling of Viola could, in fact, lead to a true love. For instance, Orsino tells Cesario â€Å"If ever thou shalt love; in the sweet pangs of it remember me† (2.4.13-14). This is almost ironic, and foreshadows the follies yet to come including the growin...

Performance Management & Reward System

Performance Management â€Å"How I get my people to do what I want them to do, in the way I want them to do it! † Performance management (PM): Organisations that take performance management seriously, manage a range of different but inter-related topics: †¢Mission †¢Vision †¢Strategy †¢Business plans †¢Values (how people should and should not behave) †¢Culture in which improving performance is valued and developed †¢Monitoring of performance – at individual, unit and Team levels †¢Feedback of that monitoring to staff †¢Clear goals †¢A set of competencies Appraisal discussions †¢Personal development (training, coaching, reading, sittings etc) †¢Management development †¢Good job design †¢Team working (interaction and mutual responsibility) †¢Extrinsic reward and recognition (basic pay, performance pay, awards, saying ‘well done’)†¢Intrinsic rewards (the satisfaction from doing a w orthwhile job reasonably well) †¢Effective remedies for under performers. Performance management levels: †¢Organisation †¢Department †¢Unit †¢Team †¢Individual Data collection for PM: Data is collected at four levels: Inputs: Staff time, budget, data, consumables, energy, and equipment †¢Processes: Support, sales, teaching, research, paperwork, IT, purchasing etc. †¢Outputs: Customers served, bills paid, items sold, students helped, degrees awarded, research written up †¢Outcomes: Profit in a commercial enterprise or service delivery in a service organisation (usually assessed through customer satisfaction).Rules for monitoring performance: (a) Objective: †¢Introduce monitoring as one part of a bigger drive to improve customer experience. (b) Positive: †¢Seek information to improve the customer experience and not to blame people. c) Involvement: †¢Involve responsible people to work on the monitoring, as a part of their driv e to improve the customer experience. †¢If you choose items to monitor and impose those, staff will probably be de-motivated and performance will drop. †¢Treat your staff as professional, responsible and motivated (d) Outcomes: †¢Measure outcomes in preference to outputs. (Governments are obsessed with outputs – numbers of patients treated, lengths of waiting lists, numbers of students receiving degrees, numbers of children who can read and write etc). (e)Tough: Challenge those who like the fuzziness of not knowing how they are doing. (f) Choosy: †¢Pick only the most important factors to monitor as too many measures will be Counterproductive. (g) Numbers: †¢Measure performance numerically, by getting the customer to grade them on a scale 0 to 5. (h) Benchmark: †¢Use the results as your baseline or benchmark, from where you can improve. (i) Communicate: †¢Make sure the targets are known, understood and accepted. (j) Reliable Use reliable sour ces of data. HIGH PERFORMANCE WORKING High performance working (HPW): The four elements of HPW are: )Employee autonomy and involvement in decision making †¢Develop flexibility of skills †¢Team working to give variety and responsibility. 2)Support for employee performance †¢Appropriate selection and recruitment processes (finding staff at all levels who will support a high performance culture) †¢Comprehensive induction programmes †¢Sophisticated and wide training†¢Integrated and wide ranging performance management †¢Emphasis upon work-life balance. 3)Rewards for performance †¢Offer a career not just a job †¢Harmonised terms and conditions †¢Pay that is competitive with other employers Rewards linked to individual and team performance 4)Learning †¢Plenty of effective communication †¢Quality improvement teams †¢Lean systems (this can be expanded upon at the workshop) †¢Spending on training. Details will vary from org anisation to organisation. Why HPW: Because if you are not driving up performance: †¢Staff motivation will be lost †¢Quality, quantity and innovation will decline †¢Pressure to reduce your prices will grow or †¢Customers may simply stop buying your goods or services altogether or †¢Competitors may take your work. What does this mean in practice?Employee autonomy and involvement †¢Develop flexibility of skills †¢Team working to give variety and responsibility Support for employee performance †¢Appropriate selection and recruitment processes (finding staff at all levels who will support a high performance culture) †¢Comprehensive induction programmes †¢Sophisticated and wide training †¢Integrated and wide ranging performance management †¢Emphasis upon work-life balance Rewards for performance †¢Offer a career not just a job †¢Harmonised terms and conditions †¢Pay that is competitive with other employers Rewards linked to individual and team performance. Learning †¢Plenty of effective communication †¢Quality improvement teams †¢Lean systems (this can be expanded upon at the workshop) †¢Spending on training. According to 2004 research, by the Engineering Employers’ Federation and Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, effects of HPW are: †¢About 20% of increases in productivity and profit in manufacturing †¢Increased job satisfaction and commitment: quality, quantity and innovation †¢Employees more likely to say ‘a great place to work’ †¢Increased earnings potential for employeesImplementing high performance working Things that may need to be addressed are: †¢Getting top management’s commitment, particularly to resource, to communicate and to demonstrate the required behaviours. †¢Getting the resources HPW needs (both financial and risk taking e. g. new reward structures). †¢Carrying out team and in dividual appraisals that make a real difference. †¢Seeking and rewarding discretionary behaviour (Ability x Motivation x Opportunity = AMO). †¢Allowing employees to re-design jobs to maximise interest and challenge. †¢Changing existing strong cultures Increasing levels of trust between management and employees. †¢Getting staff to be understand about organisational performance †¢Involving employees in design and implementation of HPW. †¢Integrating initiatives, so they reinforce each other, therefore: ? Implementation is in bundles ?Staff understand it and show commitment ?Other organisations are used as benchmarks ?Continuous improvement is developed. THE CONTRASTING OBJECTIVES OF THE EMPLOYER AND THE EMPLOYEE †¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe employer wants as much productivity for as little cost as possible, whilst the employee wants as much money for as little effort as possible. †¢Life is more complex than this, but this is a useful start! This is the left win g pluralist approach. †¢The right wing unitarist approach is ‘Prosperous employers make prosperous employees. ’ What is the employer trying to get out of the employee?Principally, an employer wants three things from employees: †¢Quantity (productivity) †¢Quality (producing good work with low wastage) †¢Innovation (finding new and better ways to get the work done). But there are also management issues: †¢Cost †¢Control (of cost and of the employees) What do the elements of good performance look like? We now talk about ‘discretionary behaviour’ i. e. the voluntary effort people put in, over and above the bare minimum, below which they will get into trouble. †¢Employers seek discretionary behaviour and good organisations will establish performance management processes to generate it. It is normally expressed as: Discretionary behaviour = ability x motivation x opportunity †¢If the value of any component on the right is z ero there will be zero discretionary behaviour.†¢Ability is the assumption that people want to apply for jobs, have their attributes recognised and are willing to learn new skills. Motivation assumes that people can be motivated to use their ability in a productive manner. †¢Opportunity assumes people will perform well, engage in high-quality work and participate in wider activities, such as team initiatives or problem solving, if they are given the opportunity to do so. What are the employees’ objectives? This will vary from person to person. Work published by Guest and Conway (2001) on the psychological contract suggested the most common were: †¢A reasonably secure job †¢Fair pay for the work done†¢A career †¢Interesting work †¢Fair treatment by managers †¢Equality of treatment To be kept informed about changes affecting them †¢Involved and consulted about changes affecting them REWARD AND MOTIVATION †¢Motivation is concerne d with WHY people do or refrain from doing things. †¢A motive† is a need or a driving force within a person. The process of motivation involves choosing between alternative forms of action in order to achieve some desired end or goal. †¢As the following formula shows, goals can be tangible – such as higher earnings – or intangible – such as personal reputation or prestige. Motivation at work: We can divide motivation at work into internal and external motivation. a) Internal motivation†¢This is related to the work, where there is a close identity between the task itself and the human needs, e. g. where a cabinet-maker or motor-fitter derives satisfaction from a job well done. (b) External motivation †¢This is independent of the task i. e. the task is merely a means to an end; for instance, when a person works on an assembly line to get high wages. †¢Clashes of interest are resolved in the traditional manner by offering financial in centives and/or threatening the loss of employment – providing external motivation. This traditional â€Å"carrot and stick† idea still lingers – the carrot often being money and the stick, fear. Money: The â€Å"great motivator†. It is a fact that most people go to work because they get paid to do so. However, this basic need for money will only make a worker turn up and do the acceptable minimum. There are a range of other â€Å"carrots† – or positive incentives – offered as an incentive to work, or to particular types of performance, including welfare amenities, holidays, etc. Fear: The â€Å"big stick† theory is rather outdated now, but it is still occasionally appropriate to motivate people through fearIntrinsic and extrinsic motivators: †¢Intrinsic reinforcements of behaviour, which are â€Å"inside the individual† reward feelings, like finding work interesting, feeling appreciated, etc †¢Extrinsic reinfo rcements of behaviour, which are the outside influences and rewards such as money, extra holidays, company car, etc; Problems in work role: (a) Alienation: †¢Psychologists use this term to refer to the feelings of an individual when they are estranged from their situation at work. E. g. the salesperson forced to sell goods in which they have little belief or confidence. b) Anomie: (lack of the usual social or ethical standards) †¢The causes of anomie are to be found in the confusion that arises in large organisations. The individual may be faced with pressures and problems at work that they do not fully understand. (c) Status: †¢Social status refers to the amount of respect paid to an individual. A work role can confer prestige upon a person.Status may be perceived through the possession of symbols, e. g. salary, title of job, work surroundings, dress, company car, etc. †¢Many modern theorists are becoming convinced of the value of the Japanese approach of reduci ng status differences, e. g. veryone to wear the firm’s uniform; single canteen; parking and toilet facilities for all staff, etc. (d) Stress: †¢Psychologists define stress as strain experienced by an individual over a period of time, which impairs the ability of the individual to perform their role. †¢Stress can produce physical or mental symptoms and can be generated by pressures and problems in the work situation. Managers view of motivation: F W Taylor was an early proponent of the dictum that workers should share the same goals as those of the organisation, and the way to achieve this was through the application of scientific management principles.The basis of this approach lay in the following principles. †¢Planning †¢Time and motion study †¢Incentives †¢Working conditions †¢Training The essence of the practical application of the scientific approach is to try to reconcile the needs of the organisation and the needs of the individual. Individual and Organisational Needs: Factors that improve an employee’s level of job satisfaction are: †¢Responsibility †¢Challenge †¢Self-improvement and personal growth †¢Recognition †¢Sense of achievement NEED THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:Hierarchy of Needs D C McClelland’s theory: D C McClelland is another theorist who, from the early 1960s, was concerned with the analysis of human needs. He concentrated on three key needs: i)Need for affiliation: The need of human beings for friendship and meaningful relationships. ii)Need for power: Some people seek power in their work situations; they wish to make a strong impression on people and events. iii) Need to achieve: To many people, the sense of â€Å"getting on†, progressing or being promoted, is very important. Frederick Herzberg’s Two-factor Theory: Frederick Herzberg, writing in the late 1950s and early 1960s, identified two distinct sets of needs in individuals working in organisations: the need to avoid pain and discomfort and the need to develop psychologically as a person.Herzberg proposes several ways in which a higher level of motivation might be promoted: †¢Good quality training: the more a person can do, the more that person can be motivated. †¢Focus on quality of communications, rather than quantity: communication should be direct whenever possible. †¢Job rotation: improving the variety of tasks and responsibilities. †¢Job enlargement: making a person capable of more. Job enrichment: creating meaningful, interesting work. Herzberg believes that it is difficult or impossible to achieve if the job is basically dull, repetitive or uninteresting Douglas McGregor developed a typology of two opposed views about employee behaviour, related to Maslow’s categories of need and considered their implications for management and motivation.The two views are known as Theory X and Theory Y. (a)Theory X â⠂¬ ¢This traditional approach of management, which accepts the worker as a lazy, grasping individual, who must be bribed or coerced into working, McGregor called Theory X. It rests on the following assumptions: The average human being dislikes work. †¢The average human being will avoid work whenever possible. †¢Not only is the average employee lazy but they also lack ambition and do not wish to take on responsibilities. †¢Because of the above characteristics, employees must be strictly controlled and directed. †¢Control of employees must be backed by coercion and threats, if the objectives of the organisation are to be achieved. †¢The average person prefers to be directed and not to have to think deeply for themselves in the work situation. (b)Theory Y McGregor then put forward the set of assumptions that modern managers should act upon.He calls this Theory Y. †¢The physical and mental effort people put into work is a natural human response; it is simil ar to the effort individuals make in games and sport. Hence, work can be enjoyable. †¢Employees do not have to be controlled or threatened; they have reserves of self control and self-motivation †¢Given the opportunities and training, employees will not only take, but also desire and seek, responsibilities. †¢Employees have reservoirs of imagination, creativity and ingenuity and given the right environment and encouragement, they will use these to help solve problems in the work situation. In some modern organisations the potential of employees is not fully utilised; not only is a waste of resources, but it also causes frustration among the workforce. Hence, when workers do not co-operate to achieve organisational goals, the fault may lie in the structure of the organisation rather than in the workers. Ouchi’s Theory Z †¢William Ouchi agreed with the basic ideas put forward by McGregor’s Theory Y and related these to certain of the ideas he detected in Japanese organisations. †¢Ouchi’s theory argues that participation is a crucial motivator.Employees will be motivated to higher levels of performance if they are involved in meaningful participation in decision making in their organisation. PROCESS THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Difference between a content theory and a process theory: †¢Content or need theories suggest that there are universal needs that all humans have for example security, socialisation, self respect etc. †¢Process theories do not look at the content of the motivational package but at the mental processes that we go through when faced with a situation. Process theories Expectancy Theory:Expectancy Theory is a cognitively based motivational theory, put forward by Victor Vroom. According to this theory the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of our expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to us. Attrac tiveness †¢This is the importance we place on the potential outcome or reward that can be achieved on the job. This will consider the unsatisfied needs of the individual. Performance-reward linkage †¢This is the degree to which we believe that performing at a particular level will lead to a desired outcome.Effort-performance linkage †¢The probability that we perceive that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance. The theory can be expressed by the formula: †¢Motivational force (F) = Valency (V) ? Expectancy (E) †¢Valency is the value of the outcome to the person; expectancy is the perceived likelihood of the outcome. Porter and Lawler †¢Porter and Lawler developed expectancy theory in the 1970s. They suggest that the amount of effort (motivation and energy exerted) put into work depends on: †¢The eventual reward †¢The amount of effort necessary to achieve that reward †¢How probable it is that the reward will be forthcomi ng.Attribution theory Kelley’s attribution theory examines the way in which people explain success or failure and the impact on subsequent motivations. Four variables are frequently used: †¢Ability †¢Effort †¢Task difficulty †¢Luck Handy’s motivational calculus Handy looks at motivation as though when a person takes a decision, they give attention to three sets of factors: (a) The individual’s personal needs (b) The desired outcome or results (c)The E factors: Effort, Energy, Excitement in attaining the desired outcome, Enthusiasm, Emotion, Expenditure. The motivation decision will depend on: i) The strength of the person’s needs. (ii) The expectation that by contributing one of the Es, the individual will achieve one of the desired results. (iii) The extent to which the result will contribute to satisfying the person’s needs. Connection with the psychological contract A psychological contract is the perceived relationship betwe en the individual and the organisation and involves the various factors that bind the individual to the enterprise. Three examples of psychological contracts are: †¢A coercive psychological contract exists when a person works because they are forced to do so.They may be tied into the job because the salary and fringe benefits prevent them from moving elsewhere. †¢A remunerative psychological contract exists when a person works for the money. The person may tolerate the job to attain the lifestyle it provides. This differs from the coercive contract as the remunerative contract may bind the person in the short term, only to be severed if a better deal is available elsewhere. †¢A collaborative psychological contract is one in which the worker is bound to the organisation by a belief that personal objectives can best be attained by enabling the organisation to fulfil its objectives.From an employer’s point of view, this is more likely to result in having a highly motivated workforce. The person’s desire to achieve can facilitate the company’s performance objectives. EXCELLENCE THEORY AND MOTIVATION †¢Excellence theories originate in the works of writers in the early 1980s, principally based on the work of Tom Peters and Robert Waterman. †¢The nature of these ideas is essentially one of observing successes and failures in actual business scenarios and attempting to draw universal lessons that can then be applied elsewhere. †¢Peters and Waterman did not set out to rite specifically on motivation, but their work comments much on the ability of successful companies to get a high level of commitment from their workers.Among their conclusions were: †¢Original ideas and ingenuity are grossly under-utilised. Drucker’s idea of the â€Å"entrepreneur† (the original thinker and innovator) was extended to suggest that if such persons are employed, their gifts should be harnessed for the benefit of the orga nisation. †¢To motivate workers, it is necessary to get close to the workers and understand the issues affecting them as well as their drives and motivations. They believe that workers respond more positively when they feel more in control of their destiny. †¢In one control group experiment, two teams were given the task of proofreading some text material against a noisy background of a tape containing foreign speech, loud music and other distractions. One group had a button to cut off the noise whilst the other did not. †¢The group with the button made far less errors than the other group. It was found, however, that no one had pressed the button!The fact that the workers felt in control made them work more effectively. Peters and Waterman record a direct application of this in a Ford Motor Company plant whereby any worker could (temporarily) stop the assembly line. This had stunning results in terms of increased productivity and reduced defect rates. PERFORMANCE BAS ED REWARDING IN NOKIA Nokia provides employees with market competitive rewards through a flexible global structure, which can address diverse and changing business and employment environments, as well as specific individual preferences.Our Total Compensation Package is tailored for each country and typically consists of elements such as annual base salary, incentives, bonuses, possible stock options or performance shares, flexible Work-Life balance solutions, and other local benefits. Nokia rewards employees for good performance, competence development, and for overall company success. This creates a positive and encouraging environment with opportunities for employees to optimize their potential and be rewarded fairly. Higher erformance and contribution will lead to higher rewards. The Nokia global market competitive rewards structure addresses the need for flexibility, personalization, empowerment and commitment. The basic salary is set to meet market conditions, the demands of th e job and individual competence and performance. The variable part may consist of incentives or bonuses and other compensation, such as overtime pay and call-out pay. Bonus System Employees should have the opportunity to share in the success of Nokia.Short-term incentive programs such as individual, team, project/program incentives and the Nokia Connecting People Bonus allow Nokia to offer immediate rewards for employee and team achievements. The Stock Option Plan is a long-term reward that may allow employees to share in sustained company success. Eligibility for an incentive, bonus or stock option plans is defined by the content and nature of each individual's job. Local Benefits Additional local rewards and benefits are also developed to complement the global programs and to ensure that the local market conditions are met.Annual Reviews Nokia has implemented a global process, where the change in the pay level for each employee is based on the results of the annual performance rev iew. Health Nokia cares for its employees right throughout the cycle of their working life: from induction and training, through development and advancement, and on to retirement. Nokia's Work-Life balance solutions mean that health benefits and possible local retirement benefits are tailored to individual needs according to factors such as tenure, contribution, performance, roles and responsibilities.The environment in which we do business is evolving continuously. To succeed, we must have the passion and courage to look for new ideas beyond existing products, services and ways of working. Only with truly innovative ideas will we be able to define the future development of our industry and profoundly shape the way in which people understand and use our products and services in their everyday lives. Rewarding performance Nokia rewards employees competitively through a global reward framework designed to recognize individual contribution and achievement.Levels of compensation are det ermined by local labour markets and take into account both individual and company performance. Their reward programs – including bonuses – recognize performance based on individual, team and company results. We introduced changes to their incentive plans in 2007 to make the plans simpler, more consistent and able to deliver equal or higher payouts if target performance or above is achieved. A wide number of employees are eligible to join their equity programs, based on rewarding performance and retaining top employees.Their broad-based equity compensation programs include stock options and performance shares. Both are linked to the company’s performance over a number of years. We communicate with employees about the effect of business results on their incentives after each quarterly announcement, through articles and video messages on our intranet news channel, the News Hub. We also communicate through quarterly letters, blogs, webcasts and face-to-face meetings . In addition, information is available on the Know Your Business section of our intranet.